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LINUX:
Rute User's Tutorial and Exposition
(Version 1.0.0)

Paul Sheer

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Introduction
- 1.1 What This Book Covers
- 1.2 Read This Next...
- 1.3 What Do I Need to Get Started?
- 1.4 More About This Book
- 1.5 I Get Frustrated with UNIX Documentation That I Don't Understand
- 1.6 LPI and RHCE Requirements
- 1.7 Not RedHat: RedHat-like
- 1.8 Updates and Errata
2. Computing Sub-basics
- 2.1 Binary, Octal, Decimal, and Hexadecimal
- 2.2 Files
- 2.3 Commands
- 2.4 Login and Password Change
- 2.5 Listing Files
- 2.6 Command-Line Editing Keys
- 2.7 Console Keys
- 2.8 Creating Files
- 2.9 Allowable Characters for File Names
- 2.10 Directories
3. PC Hardware
- 3.1 Motherboard
- 3.2 Master/Slave IDE
- 3.3 CMOS
- 3.4 Serial Devices
- 3.5 Modems
4. Basic Commands
- 4.1 The ls Command, Hidden Files, Command-Line Options
- 4.2 Error Messages
- 4.3 Wildcards, Names, Extensions, and glob Expressions
  - 4.3.1 File naming
  - 4.3.2 Glob expressions
- 4.4 Usage Summaries and the Copy Command
- 4.5 Directory Manipulation
- 4.6 Relative vs. Absolute Pathnames
- 4.7 System Manual Pages
- 4.8 System info Pages
- 4.9 Some Basic Commands
- 4.10 The mc File Manager
- 4.11 Multimedia Commands for Fun
- 4.12 Terminating Commands
- 4.13 Compressed Files
- 4.14 Searching for Files
- 4.15 Searching Within Files
- 4.16 Copying to MS-DOS and Windows Formatted Floppy Disks
- 4.17 Archives and Backups
- 4.18 The PATH Where Commands Are Searched For
- 4.19 The -- Option
5. Regular Expressions
- 5.1 Overview
- 5.2 The fgrep Command
- 5.3 Regular Expression \{ \} Notation
- 5.4 + ? \< \> ( ) | Notation
- 5.5 Regular Expression Subexpressions
6. Editing Text Files
- 6.1 vi
- 6.2 Syntax Highlighting
- 6.3 Editors
7. Shell Scripting
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Looping: the while and until Statements
- 7.3 Looping: the for Statement
- 7.4 breaking Out of Loops and continueing
- 7.5 Looping Over Glob Expressions
- 7.6 The case Statement
- 7.7 Using Functions: the function Keyword
- 7.8 Properly Processing Command-Line Args: shift
- 7.9 More on Command-Line Arguments: $@ and $0
- 7.10 Single Forward Quote Notation
- 7.11 Double-Quote Notation
- 7.12 Backward-Quote Substitution
8. Streams and sed -- The Stream Editor
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Tutorial
- 8.3 Piping Using | Notation
- 8.4 A Complex Piping Example
- 8.5 Redirecting Streams with >&
- 8.6 Using sed to Edit Streams
- 8.7 Regular Expression Subexpressions
- 8.8 Inserting and Deleting Lines
9. Processes, Environment Variables
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 ps -- List Running Processes
- 9.3 Controlling Jobs
- 9.4 Creating Background Processes
- 9.5 killing a Process, Sending Signals
- 9.6 List of Common Signals
- 9.7 Niceness of Processes, Scheduling Priority
- 9.8 Process CPU/Memory Consumption, top
- 9.9 Environments of Processes
10. Mail
- 10.1 Sending and Reading Mail
- 10.2 The SMTP Protocol -- Sending Mail Raw to Port 25
11. User Accounts and Ownerships
- 11.1 File Ownerships
- 11.2 The Password File /etc/passwd
- 11.3 Shadow Password File: /etc/shadow
- 11.4 The groups Command and /etc/group
- 11.5 Manually Creating a User Account
- 11.6 Automatically: useradd and groupadd
- 11.7 User Logins
12. Using Internet Services
- 12.1 ssh, not telnet or rlogin
- 12.2 rcp and scp
- 12.3 rsh
- 12.4 FTP
- 12.5 finger
- 12.6 Sending Files by Email
  - 12.6.1 uuencode and uudecode
  - 12.6.2 MIME encapsulation
13. LINUX Resources
- 13.1 FTP Sites and the sunsite Mirror
- 13.2 HTTP -- Web Sites
- 13.3 SourceForge
- 13.4 Mailing Lists
  - 13.4.1 Majordomo and Listserv
  - 13.4.2 *-request
- 13.5 Newsgroups
- 13.6 RFCs
14. Permission and Modification Times
- 14.1 The chmod Command
- 14.2 The umask Command
- 14.3 Modification Times: stat
15. Symbolic and Hard Links
- 15.1 Soft Links
- 15.2 Hard Links
16. Pre-installed Documentation
- Kernel documentation: /usr/src/linux/Documentation/
- X Window System graphics hardware support: /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/
- TEX and Meta-Font reference: /usr/share/texmf/doc/
- L^ATEX HTML documentation: /usr/share/texmf/doc/latex/latex2e-html/
- HOWTOs: /usr/doc/HOWTO or /usr/share/doc/HOWTO
- Mini HOWTOs: /usr/doc/HOWTO/mini or /usr/share/doc/HOWTO/mini
- LINUX documentation project: /usr/doc/LDP or /usr/share/doc/ldp
- Web documentation: /home/httpd/html or /var/www/html
- Apache reference: /home/httpd/html/manual or /var/www/html/manual
- Manual pages: /usr/man/ or /usr/share/man/
- info pages: /usr/info/ or /usr/share/info/
- Individual package documentation: /usr/doc/* or /usr/share/doc/*
17. Overview of the UNIX Directory Layout
- 17.1 Packages
- 17.2 UNIX Directory Superstructure
- 17.3 LINUX on a Single Floppy Disk
18. UNIX Devices
- 18.1 Device Files
- 18.2 Block and Character Devices
- 18.3 Major and Minor Device Numbers
- 18.4 Common Device Names
- 18.5 dd, tar, and Tricks with Block Devices
- 18.6 Creating Devices with mknod and /dev/MAKEDEV
19. Partitions, File Systems, Formatting, Mounting
- 19.1 The Physical Disk Structure
- 19.2 Partitioning a New Disk
- 19.3 Formatting Devices
- 19.4 Device Mounting
- 19.5 File System Repair: fsck
- 19.6 File System Errors on Boot
- 19.7 Automatic Mounts: fstab
- 19.8 Manually Mounting /proc
- 19.9 RAM and Loopback Devices
  - 19.9.1 Formatting a floppy inside a file
  - 19.9.2 CD-ROM files
- 19.10 Remounting
- 19.11 Disk sync
20. Advanced Shell Scripting
- 20.1 Lists of Commands
- 20.2 Special Parameters: $?, $*,...
- 20.3 Expansion
- 20.4 Built-in Commands
- 20.5 Trapping Signals -- the trap Command
- 20.6 Internal Settings -- the set Command
- 20.7 Useful Scripts and Commands
- 20.8 Shell Initialization
  - 20.8.1 Customizing the PATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH
- 20.9 File Locking
21. System Services and lpd
- 21.1 Using lpr
- 21.2 Downloading and Installing
- 21.3 LPRng vs. Legacy lpr-0.nn
- 21.4 Package Elements
- 21.5 The printcap File in Detail
- 21.6 PostScript and the Print Filter
- 21.7 Access Control
- 21.8 Printing Troubleshooting
- 21.9 Useful Programs
- 21.10 Printing to Things Besides Printers
22. Trivial Introduction to C
- 22.1 C Fundamentals
- 22.2 Debugging with gdb and strace
- 22.3 C Libraries
- 22.4 C Projects -- Makefiles
  - 22.4.1 Completing our example Makefile
  - 22.4.2 Putting it all together
23. Shared Libraries
- 23.1 Creating DLL .so Files
- 23.2 DLL Versioning
- 23.3 Installing DLL .so Files
24. Source and Binary Packages
- 24.1 Building GNU Source Packages
- 24.2 RedHat and Debian Binary Packages
- 24.3 Source Packages
25. Introduction to IP
- 25.1 Internet Communication
- 25.2 Special IP Addresses
- 25.3 Network Masks and Addresses
- 25.4 Computers on a LAN
- 25.5 Configuring Interfaces
- 25.6 Configuring Routing
- 25.7 Configuring Startup Scripts
  - 25.7.1 RedHat networking scripts
  - 25.7.2 Debian networking scripts
- 25.8 Complex Routing -- a Many-Hop Example
- 25.9 Interface Aliasing -- Many IPs on One Physical Card
- 25.10 Diagnostic Utilities
26. TCP and UDP
- 26.1 The TCP Header
- 26.2 A Sample TCP Session
- 26.3 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
- 26.4 /etc/services File
- 26.5 Encrypting and Forwarding TCP
27. DNS and Name Resolution
- 27.1 Top-Level Domains (TLDs)
- 27.2 Resolving DNS Names to IP Addresses
  - 27.2.1 The Internet DNS infrastructure
  - 27.2.2 The name resolution process
- 27.3 Configuring Your Local Machine
- 27.4 Reverse Lookups
- 27.5 Authoritative for a Domain
- 27.6 The host, ping, and whois Command
- 27.7 The nslookup Command
  - 27.7.1 NS, MX, PTR, A and CNAME records
- 27.8 The dig Command
28. Network File System, NFS
- 28.1 Software
- 28.2 Configuration Example
- 28.3 Access Permissions
- 28.4 Security
- 28.5 Kernel NFS
29. Services Running Under inetd
- 29.1 The inetd Package
- 29.2 Invoking Services with /etc/inetd.conf
- 29.3 Various Service Explanations
- 29.4 The xinetd Alternative
- 29.5 Configuration Files
  - 29.5.1 Limiting access
- 29.6 Security
30. exim and sendmail
- 30.1 Introduction
- 30.2 exim Package Contents
- 30.3 exim Configuration File
- 30.4 Full-blown Mail server
- 30.5 Shell Commands for exim Administration
- 30.6 The Queue
- 30.7 /etc/aliases for Equivalent Addresses
- 30.8 Real-Time Blocking List -- Combating Spam
- 30.9 Sendmail
31. lilo, initrd, and Booting
- 31.1 Usage
- 31.2 Theory
- 31.3 lilo.conf and the lilo Command
- 31.4 Creating Boot Floppy Disks
- 31.5 SCSI Installation Complications and initrd
- 31.6 Creating an initrd Image
- 31.7 Modifying lilo.conf for initrd
- 31.8 Using mkinitrd
32. init, ?getty, and UNIX Run Levels
- 32.1 init -- the First Process
- 32.2 /etc/inittab
- 32.3 Useful Run Levels
- 32.4 getty Invocation
- 32.5 Bootup Summary
- 32.6 Incoming Faxes and Modem Logins
33. Sending Faxes
- 33.1 Fax Through Printing
- 33.2 Setgid Wrapper Binary
34. uucp and uux
- 34.1 Command-Line Operation
- 34.2 Configuration
  - uucico
- 34.3 Modem Dial
- 34.4 tty/UUCP Lock Files
- 34.5 Debugging uucp
- 34.6 Using uux with exim
- 34.7 Scheduling Dialouts
35. The LINUX File System Standard
- 35.1 Introduction
  - 35.1.1 Purpose
  - 35.1.2 Conventions
- 35.2 The Filesystem
- 35.3 The Root Filesystem
- 35.4 The /usr Hierarchy
- 35.5 The /var Hierarchy
- 35.6 Operating System Specific Annex
  - 35.6.1 Linux
- 35.7 Appendix
36. httpd -- Apache Web Server
- 36.1 Web Server Basics
- 36.2 Installing and Configuring Apache
37. crond and atd
- 37.1 /etc/crontab Configuration File
- 37.2 The at Command
- 37.3 Other cron Packages
38. postgres SQL Server
- 38.1 Structured Query Language
- 38.2 postgres
- 38.3 postgres Package Content
- 38.4 Installing and Initializing postgres
- 38.5 Database Queries with psql
- 38.6 Introduction to SQL
- 38.7 Real Database Projects
39. smbd -- Samba NT Server
- 39.1 Samba: An Introduction by Christopher R. Hertel
- 39.2 Configuring Samba
- 39.3 Configuring Windows
- 39.4 Configuring a Windows Printer
- 39.5 Configuring swat
- 39.6 Windows NT Caveats
40. named -- Domain Name Server
- 40.1 Documentation
- 40.2 Configuring bind
- 40.3 Round-Robin Load-Sharing
- 40.4 Configuring named for Dialup Use
  - 40.4.1 Example caching name server
  - 40.4.2 Dynamic IP addresses
- 40.5 Secondary or Slave DNS Servers
41. Point-to-Point Protocol -- Dialup Networking
- 41.1 Basic Dialup
- 41.2 Demand-Dial, Masquerading
- 41.3 Dialup DNS
- 41.4 Dial-in Servers
- 41.5 Using tcpdump
- 41.6 ISDN Instead of Modems
42. The LINUX Kernel Source, Modules, and Hardware Support
- 42.1 Kernel Constitution
- 42.2 Kernel Version Numbers
- 42.3 Modules, insmod Command, and Siblings
- 42.4 Interrupts, I/O Ports, and DMA Channels
- 42.5 Module Options and Device Configuration
  - 42.5.1 Five ways to pass options to a module
  - 42.5.2 Module documentation sources
- 42.6 Configuring Various Devices
- 42.7 Modem Cards
- 42.8 More on LILO: Options
- 42.9 Building the Kernel
  - 42.9.1 Unpacking and patching
  - 42.9.2 Configuring
- 42.10 Using Packaged Kernel Source
- 42.11 Building, Installing
43. The X Window System
- 43.1 The X Protocol
- 43.2 Widget Libraries and Desktops
- 43.3 XFree86
- 43.4 The X Distribution
- 43.5 X Documentation
- 43.6 X Configuration
- 43.7 Visuals
- 43.8 The startx and xinit Commands
- 43.9 Login Screen
- 43.10 X Font Naming Conventions
- 43.11 Font Configuration
- 43.12 The Font Server
44. UNIX Security
- 44.1 Common Attacks
- 44.2 Other Types of Attack
- 44.3 Counter Measures
- 44.4 Important Reading
- 44.5 Security Quick-Quiz
- 44.6 Security Auditing
A. Lecture Schedule
- A.1 Hardware Requirements
- A.2 Student Selection
- A.3 Lecture Style
- Lesson 1
- Lesson 2
- Lesson 3
- Lesson 4
- Lesson 5
- Lesson 6
- Lesson 7
- Lesson 8
- Lesson 9
- Lesson 10
- Lesson 11
- Lesson 12
B. LPI Certification Cross-Reference
- B.1 Exam Details for 101
- General LINUX, part I
- B.2 Exam Details for 102
- General LINUX, part II
C. RHCE Certification Cross-Reference
- C.1 RH020, RH030, RH033, RH120, RH130, and RH133
- C.2 RH300
- C.3 RH220 (RH253 Part 1)
- C.4 RH250 (RH253 Part 2)
D. LINUX Advocacy FAQ
- D.1 LINUX Overview
- D.2 LINUX, GNU, and Licensing
- D.3 LINUX Distributions
- D.4 LINUX Support
  - Where does a person get LINUX support? My purchased software is supported; how does LINUX compete?
- D.5 LINUX Compared to Other Systems
- D.6 Migrating to LINUX
- D.7 Technical
E. The GNU General Public License Version 2
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